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Off the top of my head I can think of:
Closed guard
Open guard
De la Riva Guard (read somewhere that this was also called a "vanilla guard")
X-guard
Rubber guard
half guard
butterfly guard
half butterfly guard
quarter guard
spider guard
octopus guard
That's all I can think of at the moment. A lot of these guards I don't use and honestly haven't really been that exposed to. Many of these guards can also be classifed as "open guard". IMO though a traditional open guard relies more on feet on the hips, controlling the ankles, hooking on the inside of the knee, stuff like that.
I myself only ever use a closed guard, half guard, butterfly guard/half butterfly guard, de la Riva guard, spider guard, and that's about it. No way I can give you the basics on all of these. All have their advantages and disadvantages, all have to be passed/defended differently as well for the most part.
If you're looking for basics, IMO the basics are closed guard, open guard, half guard, and maybe after you feel good with those and have a better understanding of sweeps, start messing around with butterfly guard. That's just my opinion. Hope this helps.
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